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目的:监测2018年中国院内革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法:前瞻性收集2018年1至12月全国13家教学医院革兰阴性杆菌。采用琼脂稀释法及微量肉汤稀释法测定美罗培南等抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MICs）。采用美国临床和实验室标准协会（CLSI）2019年M100S（第29版）标准进行药敏结果判断。数据分析采用WHONET-5.6软件。结果:共收集1 214株非重复革兰阴性杆菌，血和无菌体液标本来源占96.7%（1 174/1 214）。主要抗菌药物对871株肠杆菌科细菌的敏感率依次为阿米卡星（93.2%，812/871）、美罗培南（92.0%，801/871）、厄他培南（88.9%，774/871）、亚胺培南（88.4%，770/871）、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（84.0%，732/871）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（83.1%，724/871）、头孢吡肟（71.4%，622/871）、米诺环素（68.9%，600/871）、头孢他啶（66.9%，583/871）及左氧氟沙星（54.4%，474/871）。大肠埃希菌对三代头孢菌素的耐药率分别为61.5%（155/252）（头孢曲松）和60.7%（153/252）（头孢噻肟）。肺炎克雷伯菌对三代头孢菌素的耐药率分别为56.3%（125/222）（头孢曲松）和57.7%（128/222）（头孢噻肟）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检测阳性率分别为50.4%（127/252）和18.0%（40/222），且全部ESBLs阳性菌株对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率均>95%。碳青霉烯耐药的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的发生率分别为2.8%（7/252）和20.3%（45/222）。对阴沟肠杆菌、产气克雷伯菌和弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌，抗菌活性最高的药物依次为替加环素（96.3%~100%）、阿米卡星（94.9%~97.1%）、美罗培南（89.8%~96.6%）及亚胺培南（89.8%~94.9%）。奇异变形杆菌、摩根摩根菌和黏质沙雷菌对美罗培南、阿米卡星的敏感率均大于90%。对67株碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）进行改良碳青霉烯灭活试验（mCIM）显示，45株为丝氨酸型碳青霉烯酶，20株为金属酶。铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南和亚胺培南的敏感率分别为73.2%（112/153）和66.0%（101/153）。鲍曼不动杆菌对黏菌素的敏感率最高（100%，163/163），其次是替加环素（87.1%，142/163）。血标本与其他感染来源的标本相比较，肺炎克雷伯菌[17.6%（27/153）比21.7%（15/69）]和鲍曼不动杆菌[68.3%（71/104）比71.2%（42/59）]碳青霉烯耐药比例低，而大肠埃希菌[2.5%（4/198）比0%（0/54）]和铜绿假单胞菌[37.0%（33/89）比18.8%（12/64）]碳青霉烯耐药比例高。结论:碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌科细菌仍保持较高的抗菌活性，尤其是仅产ESBLs的菌株。碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌应引起足够重视。产碳青霉烯酶是当前我国碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌最重要的耐药机制。

Objective:To monitor the susceptibility of common used antimicrobial agents against nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli in 2018 across China.Methods:Prospective collection of Gram-negative bacilli from 13 teaching hospitals nationwide from January to December 2018. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) of antibiotics such as meropenem was determined by agar dilution methods and broth microdilution methods. Interpretation of results using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI) 2019 M100S (29th Edition) standard. Data were analyzed by using WHONET-5.6 software.Results:A total of 1 214 non-repetitive Gram-negative bacilli were collected, accounting for 96.7% (1 174/1 214) of blood and sterile body fluid samples. The activity of antimicrobial agents against 871 strains of Enterobacteriaceae was as follows in descending order of susceptible rate: amikacin (93.2%, 812/871), meropenem (92.0%, 801/871), ertapenem (88.9%, 774/871), imipenem (88.4%, 770/871), piperacillin-tazobactam (84.0%, 732/871), cefoperazone-sulbactam (83.1%, 724/871), cefepime (71.4%, 622/871), minocyline (68.9%, 600/871), ceftazidime (66.9%, 583/871), levofloxacin (54.4%, 474/871).The resistance rates of Escherichia coli to the third generation cephalosporins were 61.5% (155/252) (ceftriaxone) and 60.7% (153/252) (cefotaxime), respectively. The resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to the third generation cephalosporins were 56.6% (126/222) (ceftriaxone) and 57.9% (129/222) (cefotaxime), respectively. The incidence of extended-spectrum β lactamase (ESBLs) positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 50.2% (127/252) and 18.2% (40/222), respectively. Over 95% of all the ESBLs positive strains were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem. The incidence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 2.8% (7/252) and 20.4% (45/222), respectively. For Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, the most susceptible agent were tigecycline (96.3%-100%), followed by amikacin (94.9%-97.1%), meropenem (89.8%-96.6%)and imipenem (89.8%-94.9%).The susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii and Serratia marcescens to meropenem and amikacin was over 90%.A total of 67 strains of carbapenems resistant enterobacteriaceae(CRE) were detected. Modified carbapenem inactivation method showed, 45 strains were serine carbapenemase and 20 were metalloenzymes. The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to meropenem and imipenem were 73.2% (112/153) and 66.0% (101/153), respectively. Acinobacter baumannii has the highest sensitivity to colistin (100%, 163/163), followed by tigecycline (87.1%, 142/163).Compared with other sources of infection, specimens of bloodstream infections were less resistant to Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6%, 27/153 vs 21.7%, 15/69) and Acinetobacter baumannii (68.3%, 71/104 vs 71.2%, 42/59). Escherichia coli (2.5%,4/198 vs 0%,0/54) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37%, 33/89 vs 18.8%, 12/64) have a high proportion of carbapenem resistance. Conclusions:Carbapenems still maintain high antibacterial activity against Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, especially strains producing only ESBLs. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae should be given sufficient attention. Carbapenemase is the most important drug resistance mechanism of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in China.