摘要近视眼的形成和发展是由环境、遗传等多重因素相互作用的结果.形觉剥夺性近视动物模型显示减少对视网膜和巩膜发育的形觉刺激,可诱导眼轴延长;配戴-9.0D角膜接触镜的幼猴3个月后出现轴性近视;敲除Egr-1基因的小鸡眼轴相对增长.既往对人类幼儿形觉剥夺现象的观察性研究、不同年龄阶段近视眼发展程度的观察性研究均证明了环境与遗传因素对人类近视眼形成和发展的影响.流行病学研究显示,环境暴露因素和人类行为因素如文化程度、社会经济地位、学习阅读习惯、城市化、户外活动等与近视眼的形成有很高的关联性,但环境因素影响近视眼的确切生物学机制尚存争议,各种环境因素在不同研究中的一致性也有较大差异.随着全基因组扫描连锁分析、GWAS技术的应用,发现至少有14个基因和40个候选基因与近视眼尤其是高度近视眼的发生密切相关,但这些基因尚不能在独立的样本中得到复制.

abstractsThe onset and development of myopia is the result of multiple factors,including genetic and environmental interactions.This is evidenced by animal experiment.For example,form-deprivation induced animal models of myopia showed that decreased form stimulation of retina and sclera could induce the elongation of the ocular axis.Optical defocus-induced myopia model showed that young monkeys develop axial myopia after wearing-9.0 D contact lens for 3 months.Egr-1 gene knockout chicken showed longer axial length than controls.Studies on young children,including form-deprivation related observations and the development of myopia among children of different ages also demonstrated the impact of genetics and environmental factors on the occurrence and development of myopia.Epidemiological studies showed that environmental factors and social behavior,such as the degree of education,social-economical status,reading habits,urbanization and outdoor activities are highly associated with the development of myopia.However,the biological mechanisms of how environmental factors affect the development of myopia remain controversial.Different studies showed variable contributions of environmental factors to the development of myopia.With the advancement of genome-wide scan and linkage analysis and GWAS technologies,at least 14 genes and 40 more candidate genes were found to be closely associated with the occurrence of myopia,especially high-myopia.However,the effect of these genes is not yet to be demonstrated in independent samples.