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坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)是新生儿尤其是早产儿最常见且最严重的急性肠道坏死性病变，胎龄越小，发生率越高。与NEC相关的死亡率高达20%~30%，且存活者25%患有短肠综合征、生长受限、远期神经发育不良等严重后遗症。NEC的早期症状不典型，一经发现，往往即为重症，临床难以早期诊断。腹部X线和超声是诊断NEC的经典手段，近年来，血清、尿、便的多种生物学标志物等作为NEC早期识别的潜在工具已开始应用于临床。通过整合传统检查及生物学标志物，不断优化NEC的临床诊疗体系，以期为临床精准诊断和个体化治疗提供方向。

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common and serious acute intestinal necrotizing disease in newborns, especially in preterm infants.Infants with smaller gestational age are more prone to NEC.NEC-related mortality reaches up to 20%-30%, and 25% of the survivors suffer from serious sequelae such as the short bowel syndrome, growth restriction and long-lasting neurological dysplasia.Due to the atypical symptoms, early diagnosis of NEC is difficult, and the patient′s condition has already been serious at the time of diagnosis in general.Ultrasound and abdominal X-ray are traditional tools for the diagnosis of NEC.Serum, urine and fecal biomarkers have been gradually applied to clinical practice in recent years.Through integrating traditional tests with biological markers and optimizing the clinical decision-making system for NEC, precise clinical diagnosis and individualized treatment can be achieved.