检索历史 清除

目的:调查急诊高钾血症患者的治疗现状和预后，分析急诊高钾血症患者院内全因死亡的影响因素。方法:利用电子信息系统，提取2019年6月1日至2020年5月31日北京协和医院急诊高钾血症患者〔年龄≥18岁，血清电解质检查钾离子（K +）浓度≥5.5 mmol/L〕的人口统计学特征、基础疾病、实验室检查结果、降钾治疗措施及预后，根据预后将患者分为死亡组及存活组，采用单因素分析及Cox回归分析急诊高钾血症患者院内全因死亡的影响因素。 结果:共纳入高钾血症患者579例，其中男性310例（53.5%），女性269例（46.5%）；中位年龄64（22）岁；轻度、中度、重度高钾血症患者分别有317例（54.7%）、143例（24.7%）、119例（20.6%）。499例（86.2%）患者接受了降钾治疗，共有44种降钾治疗方案，其中糖+胰岛素（I+G，61.3%）、排钾利尿剂（Diu，57.2%）、碳酸氢钠（SB，41.9%）、钙剂（CA，44.4%）在急诊科较常用，糖+胰岛素+钙剂+排钾利尿剂+碳酸氢钠（I+G+CA+Diu+SB）四联降钾治疗方案是急诊科最常用的降钾方案。高钾血症患者血清K +水平越高，联合降钾治疗比例越高，血液净化（HD）比例越高（轻度、中度、重度患者联合降钾比例分别为58.4%、82.5%、94.8%，HD比例分别为9.7%、13.3%、16.0%）。随着降钾治疗种类增多，血钾降至正常的比例增高，6种降钾方式联合治疗患者血钾降至正常的比例达100%。不同降钾治疗方式中，HD治疗者血钾降至正常的比例最高，达93.8%。579例患者中院内死亡111例（19.2%）。Cox回归分析显示，合并心功能不全的患者死亡风险高〔风险比（ HR）＝1.757，95%可信区间（95% CI）为1.155~2.672， P＝0.009〕；血钾降至正常（ HR＝0.248，95% CI为0.155~0.398， P＝0.000）及使用Diu（ HR＝0.335，95% CI为0.211~0.531， P＝0.000）的患者死亡风险低。 结论:急诊降钾治疗方案异质性较大，合并心功能不全的高钾血症患者病死率高，血钾降至正常的患者病死率低。

Objective:To survey treatment and prognosis of hyperkalemia patients in the emergency department and to analyze factors associated with all-cause in-hospital mortality.Methods:We implemented electronic hospital information system, extracted demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, laboratory findings, potassium lowering therapy and prognosis of hyperkalemia patients [age ≥ 18 years, serum potassium (K +) concentration ≥ 5.5 mmol/L] in the emergency department of Peking Union hospital in Beijing between June 1st 2019 to May 31st 2020. The enrolled subjects were divided into the non-survival group and the survival group according to their prognosis. Univariate analysis and Cox regression model were adopted to analyze factors affecting all-cause in-hospital mortality of hyperkalemia patients. Results:A total of 579 patients [median age 64 (22) years; 310 men (53.5%) and 269 women (46.5%)] with hyperkalemia were enrolled, among which, 317 (54.7%), 143 (24.7%) and 119 (20.6%) were mild, moderate, and severe hyperkalemia, respectively. 499 (86.20%) patients received potassium-lowering therapy, forty-four treatment regimens were administered. Insulin and glucose (I+G, 61.3%), diuretics (Diu, 57.2%), sodium bicarbonate (SB, 41.9%) and calcium gluconate/chloride (CA, 44.4%) were commonly used for the treatment of hyperkalemiain the emergency department. The combination of insulin and glucose, calcium gluconate/chloride, diuretics and sodium bicarbonate (I+G+CA+Diu+SB) was the most favored combined treatment regimen of hyperkalemia in the emergency department. The higher serum potassium concentration, the higher proportion of administrating combined treatment regimen and/or hemodialysis (HD) (the proportion of administrating combined treatment regimen in mild, moderate, and severe hyperkalemia patients were 58.4%, 82.5% and 94.8%; the proportion of administrating HD in mild, moderate, and severe hyperkalemia patients were 9.7%, 13.3% and 16.0%, respectively). The proportion of achievement of normokalaemia elevated as the kinds of potassium lowering treatment included in the combined treatment regimen increased. The proportion of achievement of normokalaemia was 100% in the combined treatment regimen including 6 kinds of potassium lowering therapy. Among various potassium lowering treatments, HD contributed to the highest rate of achievement of normokalaemia (93.8%). 111 of 579 (19.20%) hyperkalemia patients died in hospital. Cox regression model revealed that complicated with cardiac dysfunction predicted higher mortality [hazard ratio ( HR) = 1.757, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.155-2.672, P = 0.009]. Achievement of normokalaemia and administration of diuretics attributed to lower mortality ( HR = 0.248, 95% CI was 0.155-0.398, P = 0.000; HR = 0.335, 95% CI was 0.211-0.531, P = 0.000, respectively). Conclusions:Treatment of hyperkalemia in the emergency department were various. Complicated with cardiac dysfunction were associated with higher mortality. Achieving normokalaemia was associated with decreased mortality.