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汉语发展性阅读障碍缺陷的神经机制

Neural mechanism of deficits in Chinese developmental dyslexia

摘要:

目的 本文从语音加工、正字法技能、视觉大细胞通路、小脑功能等方面分别回顾了有关汉语发展性阅读障碍缺陷神经机制的研究.方法 于2014年7月至12月在中外文数据库(如中国知网、Pubmed、Sciencedirect等数据库)的文献摘要中搜索“阅渎障碍”(dyslexia)、“阅读发展”(reading developnent)、“汉语”(Chinese)、“神经”(neural)等中英检索词,并采用“汉语and(阅读障碍or阅读困难)and (神经or磁共振or脑区or脑成像or脑电or近红外)”、“Chinese and(reading development) and(neural or neuroimage or fMRI or ERP orbrain area)”等检索式.结果 通过数据库检索到相关文献52篇.根据本文主题,筛选出通过神经成像技术考察阅读障碍神经机制的研究,并排除被试是因外在因素导致阅读困难的研究,余下有效文献33篇.结论 在与拼音文字相似的认知缺陷之下,汉语阅读障碍核心缺陷对应的内在神经机制体现了一定的语言特异性.汉语阅读障碍语音加工缺陷主要表现在与整字字形到音节语音通达有关的左侧额中回的功能和结构异常,其正字法缺陷主要是在与视觉整体空间分析有关的右侧颞枕区的异常激活.但也有研究发现阅读障碍缺陷机制的跨语言相似性..所以未来仍需进一步跨语言比较.同时,汉语阅读障碍缺陷还表现在一般感知觉层面,包括视觉大细胞通路功能缺陷、小脑功能和结构异常等.而关于语言和一般感知觉缺陷机制之间的相互关系仍有待于进一步探讨.

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abstracts:

Objective To study on the neural mechanism of deficits in Chinese developmental dyslexia from the aspects of the phonological processing,orthographic skills,visual magnocellular function and cerebellum function.Methods Critical words in Chinese and English (e.g.dyslexia,reading development,Chinese,neural) and formula (e.g.Chinese and (reading development) and (neural or neuroimage or fMRI or ERP or brain area) related with the present topic were searched among the article abstracts in Chinese and foreign databases (e.g.CNKI,Pubmed,Sciencedirect) from July to December,2014.Results Fifty-two relevant articles were gained access to the database.Referring to the present topic,research on the neural mechanism of dyslexia with neuroimaging technique was reserved,while the studies in which the reading impairment of the participants was caused by acquired factors were eliminated.Finally,thirty-three valid articles were retained.Conclusion According to previous studies,although there might be similarities in cognitive deficits of dyslexia between alphabetic languages and Chinese,it was still found that the Chinese children with developmental dyslexia exhibited abnormal neural activities and impaired brain structures in areas associated with Chinese phonology (i.e.left middle frontal gyrus,which was different from the left inferior fiontal gyrus always related with phonological processing in alphabetic languages) and orthographic skills (right occipitotemporal areas which was responsible for the visuospatial processing),revealing language specificity of Chinese to some extent.However,some other studies reported the similarities in neural mechanisms of dyslexia across languages.Therefore,more studies were required to further examine the crosscultural mechanism of the neural activity regarding the developmental dyslexia.Meanwhile,researches on the aspects of general perception showed Chinese dyslexic individuals had deficits in visual magnocellular function,and cerebellum.Future studies were required to explore the relationship between the linguistic and non-linguistic deficits.

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