摘要Background The number of highly sensitized patients is rising, and sensitization can lead to renal transplant failure.The present study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of protein A immunoadsorption combined with rituximab (RTX) in highly sensitized recipients of kidney transplants.Methods Seven highly sensitized recipients of living-related renal transplants (4 men and 3 women, mean aged 42.5 years old (range 33-51)) were pretreated with this combination. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch number was 2-5. Panel reactive antibody (PRA) of class 1 was high in 2 cases and that of class Ⅱ was high in 1 case. All patients were pretreated with immunoadsorption 2-10 times. Immunoglobulin and PRA changes were monitored before and after absorption. The operation was conducted when PRA or immunoglobulin levels were at or below normal levels.Immunosuppressive drugs were provided 3-5 days before the operation, and one dose of RTX (375 mg/m~2) was infused with polyclonal antibody on the day of operation. Postoperative creatinine (Cr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), PRA ratio,and immunoglobulin changes were monitored.Results All 7 patients had good recovery without delayed graft function. Acute rejection occurred in 3 cases at postoperative days 8, 10, and 14, respectively. The Banff 07 biopsy grades were la in 1 case and lla C4d0 in 2 cases.Successful reversion was achieved after giving methylprednisolone or antithymocyte immunoglobulin + cyclophosphamide. All patients were discharged with normal renal function, mean class 1 PRA was 14% and mean class Ⅱ PRA was 35%. PRA was completely negative in 3 cases.Conclusion Protein A immunoadsorption combined with RTX can safely reduce the occurrence of humoral rejection in highly sensitized renal transplant recipients.