摘要End stage renal disease (ESRD),with a prevalence in China of about 200-250 cases per million,is one of the major diseases that seriously threaten human health and cause poverty.Recently,with the advancement of healthcare system reform in China,basic medical insurance now covers over 95％ of urban and rural residents,and a high-reimbursement system for the catastrophic diseases including ESRD has been established.The improvement of healthcare policy calls on the medical community to strengthen healthcare service capability for severe illness,establish standardized pathways for prevention,diagnosis,treatment and rehabilitation according to disease spectrum and characteristics of Chinese population,organize multicenter clinical trials,promote the research and development of medical equipments,devices and drugs,and achieve the overall progress of China's healthcare industry finally.So to say,we are now facing the unprecedented opportunities and challenges as well.