摘要Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has been the first-line treatment for renal staghom calculi for many years.Several techniques have been described for percutaneous access and stone removal, but a multi-access approach is the mainstay of treatment.The main concern about PCNL is the resultant morbidity: Complications such as bleeding, parenchymal damage, and organ injury hindered the adoption of PCNL in primary hospitals in China.Multiple access points significantly increase the risk of bleeding, as well as the risks of other major complications.Although single access and flexible nephroscopy has been recommended as the most effective means of curing full staghom stones, it is less popular as it is labor-intensive andtime-consuming.