摘要INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI),one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide,has become a public health crisis.TBI can be classified as primary injury or secondary injury.The leading causes of primary injury are falls,motor vehicle traffic,and struck.[1] The delayed,secondary injury cascades with highly complex pathophysiological events occur following primary mechanical insults and are regarded as contributing factors influencing the recovery of TBI.[2] Over the past few decades,a considerable number of clinical trials and animal experiments have sought to develop therapeutic strategies.[3] The efforts to lower the risk of secondary injury and improve outcomes for TBI patients can be ascribed to the process of "squeezing oxygenated blood through a swollen brain".