摘要目的:获得不同方案培养海南岛东北部沿岸表层海水中快速生长型细菌的多样性和丰度，从而为海水来源的细菌样本分离以及海洋源病原菌感染预防提供参考。方法:基于分类设计原则，在2021年3月、6月、10月和12月对海南岛东北部沿岸6个地点的表层海水进行收集采样。然后，使用传统沙门菌、弧菌、类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌、放线菌以及通用海洋细菌培养方案进行细菌的富集培养。之后，使用16S rDNA一代测序和宏基因组测序鉴定细菌物种分类。结果:5种方案共培养到了1 151株快速生长型可培养细菌，可鉴定为66个属，213个种。在不同培养方案中，芽孢杆菌（ Bacillus）和克雷伯菌（ Klebsiella）具有广泛的鉴别优势，并且数量排名前列。方案1的优势属为埃希菌（ Escherichia）、克雷伯菌（ Klebsiella）以及柠檬酸杆菌（ Citrobacter）。在实验已论证的病原菌中，方案1的优势检出菌为肺炎克雷伯菌（ Klebsiella pneumoniae）和大肠杆菌（ Escherichia coli），数量分别为37株和29株，独特检出菌为肠道沙门菌（ Salmonella enterica），数量为7株。方案2的优势属为变形杆菌（ Proteus）、肠球菌（ Enterococcus）和普罗威登斯菌（ Providencia）。方案2的优势检出病原菌为奇异变形杆菌（ Proteus mirabilis），数量为66株，丰度较高的独特检出菌为霍乱弧菌（ Vibrio cholerae），数量为6株。方案3的优势菌属为克雷伯菌 、埃希菌和不动杆菌（ Acinetobacter）。方案3的优势检出病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌，数量为53株。丰度较高的独特检出菌是医院不动杆菌（ Acinetobacter nosocomialis），共培养到7株。方案4的优势属为弧菌（ Vibrio）和假交替单胞菌（ Pseudoalteromonas），在分离培养海洋性弧菌上具有优势。方案5的优势属为微小杆菌（ Exiguobacterium） 、葡萄球菌（ Staphylococcus）和芽孢杆菌（ Bacillus）。优势检出病原菌为蜡样芽孢杆菌（ Bacillus cereus）和乳酸乳球菌（ Lactococcus lactis），数量为20株和15株，丰度较高的独特检出菌也是乳酸乳球菌。宏基因组测序发现，肺炎克雷伯菌具有显著优势，基因丰度达到51.11%，其次为 Alcanivorax sp.，占比12.57%。 结论:海南岛东北部沿岸表层海水中的细菌具有丰富的多样性，肺炎克雷伯菌在该区域海水中丰度很高。不同培养方案对不同菌属和病原菌的选择性优势不同，个别海洋细菌需要进一步优化培养条件。

abstractsObjective:To obtain the diversity and abundance of fast-growing bacteria in the surface water of the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China, different cultivation methods were employed. This study also aims to provide a reference for isolating bacterial samples from seawater sources and preventing marine-derived pathogens.Methods:Based on the principles of taxonomic design, surface seawater samples were collected from six locations along the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China in March, June, October, and December 2021. Then, bacterial enrichment was performed based on traditional cultivation methods for Salmonella, Vibrio, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinomycetes, and general marine bacteria. After that, bacterial species identification was conducted by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomic sequencing. Results:A total of 1 151 fast-growing cultivable bacteria belonging to 66 genera and 213 species were identified using five different culture protocols. In different cultivation protocols, Bacillus and Klebsiella demonstrated extensive discriminatory advantages and ranked among the top genera in terms of abundance. Protocol 1 had Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter as dominant genera. Pathogenic bacteria detected by protocol 1 included Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, with 37 and 29 strains respectively, while Salmonella enterica was uniquely detected with seven isolates. Proteus, Enterococcus, and Providencia were the dominant genera in protocol 2, and Proteus mirabilis was the most abundant pathogenic bacteria detected with 66 isolates. Vibrio cholerae was uniquely detected with six isolates at a higher abundance. Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter were the dominant genera in protocol 3, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most abundant pathogenic bacteria detected with 53 isolates, while Acinetobacter nosocomialis was uniquely detected with seven isolates. Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas were the dominant genera in protocol 4, and they showed advantages in isolating and cultivating Marine -derived Vibrio. Exiguobacterium, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus were the dominant genera in protocol 5. Bacillus cereus and Lactococcus lactis were the most abundant pathogenic bacteria detected with 20 and 15 isolates, respectively, while Lactococcus lactis was uniquely detected at higher abundance. Metagenomic sequencing showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly dominant with a gene abundance of 51.11%, followed by Alcanivorax sp. at 12.57%. Conclusion:The surface water of the northeast coast of Hainan Island in China exhibits a rich diversity of bacteria, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being highly abundant in the studied area. Different cultivation methods demonstrate distinct selective advantages in culturing bacterial genera and pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize cultivation conditions for specific marine bacteria.