摘要Gastric cancer remains a significant global health burden,and while immunotherapy offers promising therapeutic avenues,its efficacy varies greatly among patients.The key challenge is accurately identifying treatment responders,while alternative strategies are necessary for non-responders.Biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression,tumor mutational burden,mismatch repair status,and Epstein-Barr virus infection have shown predictive potential,yet the quest for more reliable markers continues to be challenging.Emerging technologies,including liquid biopsy,single-cell sequencing,and artificial intelligence,present novel approaches to enhancing individualized research and improving predictive capabilities.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current biomarkers and introduces emerging candidates from recent studies,thereby contributing to the ongoing efforts to refine patient stratification and treatment strategies.