摘要Objective This study was aimed at investigating the carrier rate of, and molecular variation in, α- andβ-globin gene mutations in Hunan Province. Methods We recruited 25,946 individuals attending premarital screening from 42 districts and counties in all 14 cities of Hunan Province. Hematological screening was performed, and molecular parameters were assessed. Results The overall carrier rate of thalassemia was 7.1％, including 4.83％ for α-thalassemia, 2.15％ for β-thalassemia, and 0.12％ for both α- and β-thalassemia. The highest carrier rate of thalassemia was in Yongzhou (14.57％). The most abundant genotype of α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia was -α3.7/αα(50.23％) and βIVS-II-654/βN (28.23％), respectively. Four α-globin mutations [CD108 (ACC>AAC), CAP +29 (G>C), Hb Agrinio and Hb Cervantes] and six β-globin mutations [CAP +8 (C>T), IVS-II-848 (C>T), -56 (G>C), beta nt-77 (G>C), codon 20/21 (-TGGA) and Hb Knossos] had not previously been identified in China. Furthermore, this study provides the first report of the carrier rates of abnormal hemoglobin variants and α-globin triplication in Hunan Province, which were 0.49％ and 1.99％, respectively. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the high complexity and diversity of thalassemia gene mutations in the Hunan population. The results should facilitate genetic counselling and the prevention of severe thalassemia in this region.