摘要Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases,which frequently progress to heart failure,have become a major and growing cause of morbidity,disability,and mortality worldwide.Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 show that cardiovascular and respiratory diseases accounted for 28.6％and 6.5％of the global deaths,respectively,with the corresponding proportion of 45％and 11.4％in China.It is estimated that around 330 million adults suffer from cardiovascular diseases(CVD),8.9 million from heart failure[1-3],and 100 million from chronic respiratory diseases in China[4],representing a substantial burden and major increasing challenge for the healthcare system.Therefore,a comprehensively understanding the health effects of risk factors and their potential pathogenic mechanisms is essential for the prevention of cardiopulmonary diseases.