摘要Since May 2022,a severe global Mpox epidemic has underscored the urgent need for a preventative vaccine.On September 16,2022,the mainland of China reported its first case of imported Mpox,which was subsequently followed by a significant rise in domestic infections commencing from June 2023.This alarming trend has escalated the likelihood of localized outbreaks and covert transmission,posing a heightened risk to public health.Notably,the United States,many European countries,and Japan have approved the use of smallpox vaccines for Mpox prevention and emergency vaccination post-exposure,based on their cross-protection efficacy.In recent years,virology research has broadened its scope to include investigations into various novel vaccine approaches,such as nucleic acid-based vaccines,protein subunit vaccines,and epitope peptide vaccines,and other related methodologies.This review offers a thorough examination of the current global landscape of Mpox prevalence,delves into the advancements in Mpox vaccine development,and highlights the progress achieved in Mpox vaccine research,serving as a valuable resource and providing technical insights essential for the effective prevention and control of Mpox.