摘要SUMMARY Peripheral nerve defects are still a major challenge in clinical practice,and the most com-monly used method of treatment for peripheral nerve defects is nerve transplantation,which has certain limitations and shortcomings,so new repair methods and techniques are needed.The peripheral nerve is elongated in limb lengthening surgery without injury,from which we got inspirations and proposed a new method to repair peripheral nerve defects:peripheral nerve elongation.The peripheral nerve could be elongated by a certain percent,but the physiological change and the maximum elongation range were still unknown.This study discussed the endurance,the physiological and pathological change of peripheral nerve elongation in detail,and got a lot of useful data.First,we developed peripheral nerve extender which could match the slow and even extension of peripheral nerve.Then,our animal experiment result confirmed that the peripheral nerve had better endurance for chronic elongation than that of acute elonga-tion and cleared the extensibility of peripheral nerve and the range of repair for peripheral nerve defects. Our result also revealed the histological basis and changed the rule for pathological physiology of peri-pheral nerve elongation:the most important structure foundation of peripheral nerve elongation was Fon-tana band,which was the coiling of nerve fibers under the epineurium,so peripheral nerve could be stretched for 8.5% -10.0% without injury because of the Fontana band.We confirmed that peripheral nerve extending technology could have the same repair effect as traditional nerve transplantation through animal experiments.Finally,we compared the clinical outcomes between nerve elongation and perfor-mance of the conventional method in the repair of short-distance transection injuries in human elbows, and the post-operative follow-up results demonstrated that early neurological function recovery was better in the nerve elongation group than in the conventional group.On the whole,all of these experimental re-sults revealed the physiological phenomenon of peripheral nerve elongation,and described the physiologi-cal change and stretch range in detail.The systematic research results have filled the blank in this field, which is very helpful for clinical limb lengthening surgery,the design of elongation surgery and the evalu-ation of the peripheral nerve stretch injury.Peripheral nerve elongation will become an innovative treat-ment technology in repairing peripheral nerve defects.