摘要Sorting objects and events into categories and concepts is an important cognitive prerequisite that spares an individual the learning of every object or situation encountered in its daily life.Accordingly,specific items are classified in general groups that allow fast responses to novel situations.The present study assessed whether bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium griseum and Malawi cichlids Pseudotropheus zebra can distinguish sets of stimuli(each stimulus consisting of two abstract,geometric objects)that meet two conceptual preconditions,i.e.,(1)"sameness"versus"difference"and(2)a certain spatial ar-rangement of both objects.In two alternative forced choice experiments,individuals were first trained to choose two different,vertically arranged objects from two different but horizontally arranged ones.Pair discriminations were followed by extensive transfer test experiments.Transfer tests using stimuli consisting of(a)black and gray circles and(b)squares with novel geometric patterns provided conflict-ing information with respect to the learnt rule"choose two different,vertically arranged objects",there-by investigating(1)the individuals'ability to transfer previously gained knowledge to novel stimuli and(2)the abstract relational concept(s)or rule(s)applied to categorize these novel objects.Present results suggest that the level of processing and usage of both abstract concepts differed considerably between bamboo sharks and Malawi cichlids.Bamboo sharks seemed to combine both concepts-although not with equal but hierarchical prominence-pointing to advanced cognitive capabilities.Conversely,Malawi cichlids had difficulties in discriminating between symbols and failed to apply the acquired training knowledge on new sets of geometric and,in particular,gray-level transfer stimuli.