摘要Reactive oxygen species(ROS)function as essential signaling molecules regulating diverse processes in plants.However,the mechanisms by which plants accurately perceive and distinguish between physiolog-ical and stress-induced ROS signals to coordinate growth and stress responses remain largely unclear.Here,we show that Radical-induced Cell Death1(RCD1)functions as a redox sensor that undergoes a ROS-triggered phase separation transition.Three cysteine residues within RCD1 regulate the formation of phase-separated condensates,and the transition between condensate and non-condensate states de-termines the spatiotemporal interactions of RCD1 with the leaf morphogenesis-related transcription factor ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1(AS1)or the stress-responsive zinc-finger transcription factor ZAT12.Through this mechanism,RCD1 phase separation differentiates growth-and stress-related ROS signals to orchestrate downstream gene regulation.The dynamic formation of transcriptional condensates and ROS-induced phase separation transition allow plants to rapidly distinguish and respond to developmental and environ-mental cues,potentially representing a conserved mechanism in eukaryotes.