摘要INTRODUCTIONThe mandible is one of the most prominent bones of the craniomaxillofacial region and is closely related to the preserva-tion of facial appearance and functions, such as chewing, pronunciation, and speech.1 Due to the large volume and irregular shape of massive mandibular defects, they are difficult to reconstruct appropriately. Furthermore, stress concentration resulting from mastication leads to bone resorption and fractures. Therefore, massive mandibular defect reconstruction is highly challenging.2–3 Fortunately, advancements in, for instance, lab-constructed tissue-engineered bone provide promising options for individuals with these defects.4 Recently, related research has mainly focused on three aspects:scaffold materials, seed cells, and growth factors, while very few studies have focused on reconstructing the physiological mandibular structure from the perspective of developmental processes.