摘要INTRODUCTIONPulpal and periradicular pathosis, which can be caused by caries, trauma, or dental abnormalities, is a common disease in clinic for dental treatment. Root canal treatment (RCT) is a conventional option to manage the endodontic diseases in fully developed permanent teeth demonstrating outstanding clinical outcomes, while apexification procedure is the traditional treatment modality for the immature permanent teeth with pulp necrosis.1–2 The purpose of endodontic treatment is to eliminate pulp and periapical inflammation/infection and preserve the teeth. How-ever, these treatment procedures remove the pulp and some dentin tissues, which weaken the dentinal strength, immunologi-cal responses and proprioceptive functions, leading to a higher risk of reinfection and tooth fracture.3–4 How to reconstruct vital pulp and restore the biological function of teeth becomes the goal of contemporary endodontics.