摘要Background: The aim of present study was to investigate the Consequence of Immunologic and Virologic Discordancy and its associated factors in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, case records of all HIV positive patients from 2012 were evaluated. Viral response less than 400 copies/mL defined positive for at least 6 months after treatment initiation and immunologic response considered acceptable when patient experienced a rise of more than 50 CD4 (cells/μL) one year after the treatment onset. The status of viral load and CD4 count was recorded, and the state of matching or discordance of the virologic and immunologic responses were determined. Results: In the present survey, 339 patients were examined, the most ART regimen in the patients faced Immunologic -Virologic Discordance (IVD) was Atripla (Emtricitabine plus Tenofovir and Efavirenz) (59.4％), and then respectively Cobavir (Lamivudine plus Zidovudine) plus Efavirenz (25％), Cobavir plus Kaletra (Lopinavir plus Ritonavir) (12.5％) and Tenofovir plus Emtricitabine with Efavirenz (3.1％). The investigation of virologic response based on the patients gender, revealed that the rate of virologic response was approximately the same among male (97.1％) and female (97.6％) patients (P = 0.76). The investigation of HCV infection prevalence among patients revealed that 76 (22.8％) of patients was HCV positive and 257 (77.2％) was HCV negative. The prevalence of HCV among males (34％) was higher than female patients (4.7％). The prevalence of HBV infection was 3.4％ in the males and 0.8％ in the females (P = 0.13). Eight patients were HBV positive while 325 were negative. The CD4 measured in second year for male and female patients separately and the result revealed that it was more than 200 cells/μL in 168 cases containing 98 (73.3％) men and 70 (80.5％) women (P = 0.25). The investigation of opportunistic infections based on gender showed that 7 (3.4％) men and 3 (2.4％) women faced such infections (P = 0.59). Generally, 10(3.0％) patients faced opportunistic infections during the study. Of these, six (1.8％) patients had positive virologic response and four (44.4％) patients had negative virologic response (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In the present study, regarding the fact that the IVD and CD4 below 100 cells/μL showed a significant relation, the faster identification of PLWH and suitable treatment would reduce the risk of IVD. The IVD rate was higher in HCV positive patients, which should be evaluated earlier and receive an efficient regimen as soon as possible if they need treatment. Regarding the association between the consumption of Cobavir and IVD incidence, it is recommended to revise the ART regimens containing Cobavir.