摘要Since its initial release in 2001,the human reference genome has undergone continuous improvement in quality,and the recently released telomere-to-telomere(T2T)version-T2T-CHM13-reaches its highest level of continuity and accuracy after 20 years of effort by working on a simplified,nearly homozygous genome of a hydatidiform mole cell line.Here,to provide an authentic complete diploid human genome reference for the Han Chinese,the largest population in the world,we assembled the genome of a male Han Chinese individual,T2T-YAO,which includes T2T assemblies of all the 22+X+M and 22+Y chromosomes in both haploid.The quality of T2T-YAO is much better than all currently available diploid assemblies,and its hap-loid version,T2T-YAO-hp,generated by selecting the better assembly for each autosome,reaches the top quality of fewer than one error per 29.5 Mb,even higher than that of T2T-CHM13.Derived from an individual living in the aboriginal region of the Han population,T2T-YAO shows clear ancestry and potential genetic continuity from the ancient ancestors.Each haplotype of T2T-YAO possesses～330-Mb exclusive sequences,～3100 unique genes,and tens of thousands of nucleotide and structural variations as compared with CHM13,highlighting the necessity of a population-stratified reference genome.The construction of T2T-YAO,a truly accurate and authentic representative of the Chinese population,would enable precise delineation of genomic variations and advance our understandings in the hereditability of diseases and phenotypes,espe-cially within the context of the unique variations of the Chinese population.