摘要Background After the implementation of the universal two-child policy in China,it was more frequent to have long inter-pregnancy intervals(IPIs)and advanced maternal age.However,the interactions between long IPIs and advanced maternal age on neonatal outcomes are unknown.Methods The study subjects of this historical cohort study were multiparas with singleton live births between October 1st,2015,and October 31st,2020.IPI was defined as the interval between delivery and conception of the subsequent pregnancy.Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios(aORs)and 95％confidence intervals(CIs)of the risks of preterm birth(PTB),low birth weight(LBW),small for gestation age,and 1-min Apgar score ≤ 7 in different IPI groups.Relative excess risk due to interaction(RERI)was used to evaluate the additive interaction between long IPIs and advanced maternal age.Results Compared with the 24 ≤ IPI ≤ 59 months group,the long IPI group(IPI ≥ 60 months)was associated with a higher risk of PTB(aOR,1.27;95％CI:1.07-1.50),LBW(aOR,1.32;95％CI 1.08-1.61),and one-minute Apgar score≤7(aOR,1.46;95％CI 1.07-1.98).Negative additive interactions(all RERIs＜0)existed between long IPIs and advanced maternal age for these neonatal outcomes.Meanwhile,IPI＜12 months was also associated with PTB(aOR,1.51;95％CI 1.13-2.01),LBW(aOR,1.50;95％CI 1.09-2.07),and 1-min Apgar score≤7(aOR,1.93;95％CI 1.23-3.04).Conclusions Both short and long IPIs are associated with an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes.Appropriate IPI should be recommended to women planning to become pregnant again.In addition,better antenatal care might be taken to balance the inferiority of advanced maternal age and to improve neonatal outcomes.