摘要Nerve guidance conduits(NGCs)effectively support and guide the regeneration of injured nerves.However,traditional NGCs often lack essential growth factors and fail to create a biomimetic microenvironment conducive to nerve regrowth.This study develops a highly bionic nerve guidance conduit(HB-NGC)using hybrid high-voltage electrotechnologies that in-tegrate electrospinning with electrohydrodynamic(EHD)printing.The outer layer consists of electrospun polycaprolactone fibers loaded with carboxyl-multi-walled carbon nanotubes,while the inner layer is composed of highly aligned polycapro-lactone fibers created by EHD printing.The tubular core of the HB-NGC is filled with hyaluronic acid methacryloyl(HAMA)hydrogel encapsulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).This highly biomimetic NGC is conduc-tive,capable of guiding axon growth,and sustainably releases growth factors,effectively mimicking the structure,function,and characteristics of natural peripheral nerves.Its distinctive architectural layers provide an exceptional bionic microenvi-ronment by restoring physical pathways,facilitating electrical signal conduction,and supplying an extracellular matrix(ECM)environment enriched with essential growth factors.Additionally,the HB-NGC's morphology,along with its physi-cochemical and mechanical properties,effectively bridges the gap between severed nerve ends.In vivo animal studies vali-date the HB-NGC's effectiveness,highlighting its significant potential to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration.