摘要目的:探讨北京儿童医院住院儿童胸腔积液的病因。方法:收集2016年1月至2018年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治住院的胸腔积液患儿的临床资料。根据病因将患儿分为感染组(肺炎旁胸腔积液、结核性胸膜炎及脓胸)及非感染组，同时按照年龄进一步分为≤3岁、>3～7岁和>7岁组，分类统计，回顾分析胸腔积液患儿的病因。结果:1 165例胸腔积液患儿中，感染性胸腔积液746例(64.0%)，其中肺炎旁胸腔积液697例(697/746例，93.4%)。肺炎旁胸腔积液中肺炎支原体感染457例(61.3%)。感染性胸腔积液多见于7岁以上儿童(339/479例，70.8%)，非感染性胸腔积液主要见于3岁以下儿童(188/324例，58.0%)，二者比较差异有统计学意义( χ2＝96.33， P<0.05)。非感染性胸腔积液419例(36.0%)，其中多系统疾病239例(57.0%)、恶性胸腔积液97例(23.2%)。18例死亡患儿均为非感染性胸腔积液者。 结论:儿童胸腔积液的主要病因为感染，感染中最多见的为肺炎旁胸腔积液，主要病原为肺炎支原体。

abstractsObjective:To investigate the etiology of pleural effusion in hospitalized children in Beijing Children′s Hospital.Methods:Clinical information of children with pleural effusion admitted to Beijing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2016 to December 2018 was retrospectively analyzed.According to the etiology, the children were divided into infection group (parapneumonic pleural effusion, tuberculous pleurisy and empyema) and non infection group.According to the age, the children were further divided into ≤ 3 years old, >3-7 years old and > 7 years old groups.Classification of statistics was performed, and the etiology of pleural effusion were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 1 165 children with pleural effusion, 746 cases(64.0%) were infected with pleural effusion, 697 cases (697/746, 93.4%) of who were parapneumonic effusion.In patients with parapneumonic effusion, 457 cases (61.3%) had Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) infection.Infectious pleural effusion was more common in children >7 years old(339/479 cases, 70.8%), while non-infectious pleural effusion was prevalent in children under 3 years old(188/324 cases, 58.0%). The difference was statistically significant ( χ2=96.33, P<0.05). Among the patients with non-infectious pleural effusion, 239 cases (239/419 cases, 57.0%) had multi-system diseases and 97 cases (97/419 cases, 23.2%) had malignant pleural effusion.All the 18 deaths were non-infectious pleural effusion. Conclusions:The leading reason for pleural effusion in children is infection.The most prevalent symptom is parapneumonic effusion, which is mainly caused by MP.