摘要儿童变应性疾病的发病率日益升高，已成为严重的公共卫生负担。研究证明人体与微生物的相互作用，有助于建立免疫耐受。这些证据支持利用微生物制剂来预防和治疗变应性疾病。细菌溶解产物(BLs)是一种免疫调节剂，由多种与呼吸道感染有关的细菌灭活提取物组成。BLs作用于黏膜免疫系统，通过激活树突状细胞引发下游的免疫反应，从而恢复辅助T淋巴细胞1/辅助T淋巴细胞2平衡。相关研究证实，BLs可以缓解变应性疾病的临床症状，并且有可能起到一级预防作用。BLs的免疫调节作用受到产品类型、给药方式、给药方案等多种因素影响，临床应用时应评估患者的免疫状态，避免免疫耗竭。现总结BLs的作用机制、临床研究进展及给药方案等，以期为临床应用提供依据。

abstractsThe incidence of allergic diseases in children is increasing, which has become a serious public health burden.Studies have shown that the interaction between the human body and microorganisms contributes to the establishment of immune tolerance.This evidence supports the use of microbial agents for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.Bacterial lysates (BLs) are immunomodulators composed of inactivated extracts of a variety of bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections.BLs act on the mucosal immune system and initiate downstream immune responses by activating dendritic cells, thereby restoring T helper cell 1/T helper cell 2 balance.Relevant studies have confirmed that BLs can alleviate the clinical symptoms of allergic diseases and may play a role in primary prevention.The immunomodulatory effect of BLs is affected by many factors such as product type, administration method, and administration regimen.In clinical application, the patient′s immune status should be evaluated to avoid immune exhaustion.This review summarizes the mechanism, clinical research progress and administration regimen of BLs, in order to provide evidence for clinical application.