摘要The local immune defenses of respiratory system play a crucial role in safeguarding against pathogens and eliminating infected cells.In this article,we review the current knowledge regarding the establishment and regulation of local im-mune responses within the lungs,with a particular focus on the formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT),which has demonstrated a capacity to mount protective immune responses against several pathogens,including influenza virus,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)/SARS-CoV-2,and Mycobacte-rium tuberculosis (Mtb).Furthermore,we explore the development and regulation of long-term immune memory within the lungs,which may be facilitated by iBALT.This review aims to provide a summary of potential targets within iBALT for pathogen defense and vaccine design.