摘要Mucosal vaccines have risen to prominence in the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic due to their ability to elicit both local antibody and tissue-resident T cell responses,affording a dual-layered defense against infection and transmission at respiratory entry sites.While intramuscular vaccines predominantly focus on systemic immunity,mucosal vaccines offer a more nuanced,site-specific approach.However,the field faces a dearth of mucosal vaccine options for respiratory diseases,starkly contrasting to the extensive array of well-characterized injectable vaccines.The unique features of mucosal surfaces necessitate specialized adjuvants and delivery systems,adding complexity to adapting injectable vaccine technologies for mucosal applications.Here,we review the recent insights into the spec-ificities of respiratory mucosal immunology that provide a foundation for future innovations besides the emerging vac-cine platforms,newly discovered adjuvants,and vaccine delivery systems,which may open promising avenues for developing mucosal vaccines targeting respiratory pathogens.