换一批摘要Transforming growth factor-β utilizes a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smads to reg-ulate a wide array of cellular functions.These non-canonical,non-Smad pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce,attenuate,or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses.These non-Smad pathways include various branches of MAP kinase pathways,Rho-like GTPase signaling pathways,and phosphati-dylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways.This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of non-Smad pathways.In addition.functions of these non-Smad pathways are also discussed.
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