摘要An effective symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia relies largely on diverse proteins at the plant-rhizobium interface for material transportation and signal transduction during symbiotic nitrogen fixation.Here,we report a comprehensive proteome atlas of the soybean symbiosome membrane(SM),peri-bacteroid space(PBS),and root microsomal fraction(RMF)using state-of-the-art label-free quantitative proteomic technology.In total,1759 soybean proteins with diverse functions are detected in the SM,and 1476 soybean proteins and 369 rhizobial proteins are detected in the PBS.The diversity of SM proteins detected suggests multiple origins of the SM.Quantitative comparative analysis highlights amino acid metabolism and nutrient uptake in the SM,indicative of the key pathways in nitrogen assimilation.The detection of soybean secretory proteins in the PBS and receptor-like kinases in the SM provides evidence for the likely extracellular property of the symbiosome and the potential signaling communication between both symbionts at the symbiotic interface.Our proteomic data provide clues for how some of the so-phisticated regulation between soybean and rhizobium at the symbiotic interface is achieved,and suggest approaches for symbiosis engineering.