摘要To reduce treatment-related side effects in low-risk prostate cancer(PCa),both focal therapy and deferred treatments,including active surveillance(AS)and watchful waiting(WW),are worth considering over radical prostatectomy(RP).Therefore,this study aimed to compare long-term survival outcomes between focal therapy and AS/WW.Data were obtained and analyzed from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.Patients with low-risk PCa who received focal therapy or AS/WW from 2010 to 2016 were included.Focal therapy included cryotherapy and laser ablation.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare overall mortality(OM)and cancer-specific mortality(CSM)between AS/WW and focal therapy,and propensity score matching(PSM)was performed to reduce the influence of bias and unmeasured confounders.A total of 19 292 patients with low-risk PCa were included in this study.In multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis,the risk of OM was higher in patients receiving focal therapy than those receiving AS/WW(hazard ratio[HR]=1.35,95％confidence interval[CI]:1.02-1.79,P=0.037),whereas no significant difference was found in CSM(HR=0.98,95％CI:0.23-4.11,P=0.977).After PSM,the OM and CSM of focal therapy and AS/WW showed no significant differences(HR=1.26,95％CI:0.92-1.74,P=0.149;and HR=1.26,95％CI:0.24-6.51,P=0.782,respectively).For patients with low-risk PCa,focal therapy was no match for AS/WW in decreasing OM,suggesting that AS/WW could bring more overall survival benefits.