摘要Cancer stands as a prominent public health concern in China,with elusive intervention targets due to unidentified high-risk causal factors for most cancers.Consequently,emphasis has shifted towards screening,diagnosing,and treating early cancer cases within the general population.However,China faces considerable obstacles in its cancer prevention and control efforts,attributing to the complexity and heterogeneity of the occurrence,progression,and prognosis of malignant tumors across populations,time,and regions.Taking esophageal cancer screening practices as an example,this review outlines the importance and assessment of cancer screening,delineating major challenges in China's cancer prevention and control:1)limited comprehension of cancer's natural history;2)lack of"China Evidence"supporting screening effectiveness and value;3)compromised efficiency and accuracy in current screening modality;and 4)insufficient sustainability of the current screening practices and translation of relevant scientific research achievements.To address these challenges,we propose potential coping strategies:1)establishing tailored technologies and pathways for cancer prevention and control based on population-based and clinical epidemiological studies using high-quality designs;2)breaking conventional constraints to establish a novel cancer screening strategy aligned with real-world needs;and 3)establishing enhanced communication platforms among scientific research teams,policymakers,and industrial institutions to foster collaboration and innovation.