摘要Deciphering the neuronal response to injury in the spinal cord is essential for exploring treatment strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, this subject has been neglected in part because appropriate tools are lacking. Emerging in vivo imaging and labeling methods offer great potential for observing dynamic neural processes in the central nervous system in conditions of health and disease.This review first discusses in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord with a focus on the latest imaging techniques, and then analyzes the dynamic biological response of spinal cord sensory and motor neurons to SCI. We then summarize and compare the techniques behind these studies and clarify the advantages of in vivo imaging compared with traditional neuroscience examinations. Finally, we identify the challenges and possible solutions for spinal cord neuron imaging.