摘要Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disorder that can cause vision loss and irreversible blindness,affecting individuals aged 40 to 80 years worldwide.Due to the aging population,it is expected that the number of people affected by glaucoma will surpass 111 million by 2040 as the disease becomes more prevalent.Glaucoma primarily contributes to optic nerve axon loss and the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs),subsequently leading to vision impairment.The onset of glaucoma is affected by various factors,including genetic predispositions,environmental influences,and physiological conditions.The major risk factors include elevated intraocular pressure(IOP),aging,genetic/epigenetic factors,immune system dysregulation,and vascular dysfunction.Elevated IOP is currently the only adjustable and treatable risk factor for glaucoma through medications,laser procedures,and surgical interventions.However,reducing IOP by these treatments is insufficient to manage the progression of glaucomatous optic nerve degeneration and RGC death.There is growing interest in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying glaucoma pathogenesis,particularly regarding the involvement of glia-mediated neuroinflammation.