摘要Peripheral nerve injuries induce a severe motor and sensory deficit.Since the availability of autologous nerve transplants for nerve repair is very limited,alternative treatment strategies are sought,including the use of tubular nerve guidance conduits(tNGCs).However,the use of tNGCs results in poor functional recovery and central necrosis of the regenerating tissue,which limits their application to short nerve lesion defects(typically shorter than 3 cm).Given the importance of vascularization in nerve regeneration,we hypothesized that enabling the growth of blood vessels from the surrounding tissue into the regenerating nerve within the tNGC would help eliminate necrotic processes and lead to improved regeneration.In this study,we reported the application of macroscopic holes into the tubular walls of silk-based tNGCs and compared the various features of these improved si l k+tNGCs with the tubes without holes(silk-tNGCs)and autologous nerve transplants in an 8-mm sciatic nerve defect in rats.Using a combination of micro-computed tomography and histological analyses,we were able to prove that the use of silk+tNGCs induced the growth of blood vessels from the adjacent tissue to the intraluminal neovascular formation.A significantly higher number of blood vessels in the silk+group was found compared with autologous nerve transplants and silk-,accompanied by improved axon regeneration at the distal coaptation point compared with the silk-tNGCs at 7 weeks postoperatively.In the 15-mm(critical size)sciatic nerve defect model,we again observed a distinct ingrowth of blood vessels through the tubular walls of si l k+tNGCs,but without improved functional recovery at 12 weeks postoperatively.Our data proves that macroporous tNGCs increase the vascular supply of regenerating nerves and facilitate improved axonal regeneration in a short-defect model but not in a critical-size defect model.This study suggests that further optimization of the macroscopic holes silk+tNGC approach containing macroscopic holes might result in improved grafting technology suitable for future clinical use.