摘要Peptide-based therapies have attracted considerable interest in the treatment of cancer,dia-betes,bacterial infections,and neurodegenerative diseases due to their promising therapeut-ic properties and enhanced safety profiles.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major trends in peptide drug discovery and development,emphasizing preclinical strategies aimed at improving peptide stability,specificity,and pharmacokinetic properties.It assesses the current applications and challenges of peptide-based drugs in these diseases,il-lustrating the pharmaceutical areas where peptide-based drugs demonstrate significant po-tential.Furthermore,this review analyzes the obstacles that must be overcome in the future,aiming to provide valuable insights and references for the continued advancement of peptide-based drugs.