摘要Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems(nDDSs)present significant opportunities for im-proving disease treatment,offering advantages in drug encapsulation,solubilization,stability enhancement,and optimized pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.nDDSs,comprising lipid,polymeric,protein,and inorganic nanovehicles,can be guided by or respond to biological cues for precise disease treatment and management.Equipping nanocarriers with tissue/cell-targeted ligands enables effective navigation in complex environments,while functionaliza-tion with stimuli-responsive moieties facilitates site-specific controlled release.These strategies enhance drug delivery efficiency,augment therapeutic efficacy,and reduce side ef-fects.This article reviews recent strategies and ongoing advancements in nDDSs for targeted drug delivery and controlled release,examining lesion-targeted nanomedicines through sur-face modification with small molecules,peptides,antibodies,carbohydrates,or cell mem-branes,and controlled-release nanocarriers responding to endogenous signals such as pH,redox conditions,enzymes,or external triggers like light,temperature,and magnetism.The article also discusses perspectives on future developments.