摘要目的:了解免疫功能低下患者肺孢子菌肺炎( Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia，PCP)的临床特征。 方法:回顾性分析2018年3月至2019年3月上海同济大学附属东方医院收治的15例PCP患者的临床资料，观察其临床表现、实验室检查指标、影像学特征、合并症、治疗和转归等。结果:15例PCP患者中，恶性血液病11例，接受骨髓造血干细胞移植4例。移植患者PCP发病时间为移植后(5.82±2.33)个月。15例患者胸部计算机断层成像检查均表现为两肺以肺门为中心的弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影，外周血CD4 ＋T淋巴细胞计数均明显下降，为(135.17±74.83)/μL；乳酸脱氢酶(lactic acid dehydrogenase，LDH)明显升高，为(576.18±228.01) U/L；氧合指数明显减低，为(188.47±41.03) mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)；血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF)中1，3-β-D-葡聚糖均升高，分别为(1 862.81±157.73) ng/L和(1 216.97±957.16) ng/L。BALF宏基因组二代病原体测序结果示，耶氏肺孢子菌序列数为120～14 383个。合并巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus，CMV)感染9例，EB病毒感染4例，革兰阴性菌感染2例。经复方磺胺甲 唑和卡泊芬净治疗后，好转13例，死亡2例。 结论:恶性血液病和接受骨髓造血干细胞移植者均是PCP的高危人群，PCP患者血清CD4 ＋T淋巴细胞计数下降，LDH和1，3-β-D-葡聚糖水平升高，宏基因组二代病原体测序对早期诊断有重要意义。

abstractsObjective:To understand the clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients. Methods:Clinical data of 15 patients with PCP hospitalized in Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University from March 2018 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical manifestations, laboratory index examinations, imaging characteristics, comorbidities, treatment and outcome were observed.Results:Among the 15 cases, 11 were cases with hematological malignancies and four cases received allogenetic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). The onset time was (5.82±2.33) months after transplantation. Chest computed tomography (CT) of all 15 patients showed diffuse ground glass-like exudation of the lungs surrounding hilar. Peripheral blood CD4 + T cell count decreased to (135.17±74.83)/μL and oxygenation index to (188.47±41.03) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), while lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) elevated to (576.18±228.01) U/L.Levels of 1, 3-β-D-glucan in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased to (1 862.81±157.73) ng/L and (1 216.97±957.16) ng/L, respectively. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of BALF showed that the numbers of sequence of Pneumocystis carinii were 120 to 14 383. There were nine patients co-infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), four patients with Epstein-Barr virus, and two patients with gram-negative bacilli. All the patients received compound sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin treatment, and 13 cases improved and two died. Conclusions:Patients with hematological malignancies and AHSCT are at high-risk of PCP. Serum counts of CD4 + T cells decrease, while serum levels of LDH and 1, 3-β- D-glucan increase.mNGS is valuable for early diagnosis.