摘要目的:探讨幼年型粒单核细胞白血病（JMML）遗传学及分子学特征以及影响该病预后的因素。方法:回顾性分析2012年12月至2021年12月收治于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院血液科的27例JMML患儿的临床特点、细胞遗传学、分子生物学结果及生存情况，并随访患儿结局。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法。对接受造血干细胞移植患儿总生存率（OS）进行多种变量的单因素分析。生存曲线单因素分析比较采用Log-Rank检验。结果:27例JMML患儿中男11例、女16例，发病年龄为28（11，52）月龄。正常核型20例、单体7核型4例、三体8核型1例、伴11q23重排者1例、复杂核型1例。共检测出体细胞突变39个，涉及RAS信号通路者占比高，为64%（25/39），发生频次最高者为PTPN11基因突变，占44%（11/25）。接受造血干细胞移植者17例（63%），未移植者8例（30%），失访2例（7%）。移植患儿移植后随访时间47（11，57）个月。高危移植组（17例）与高危非移植组（6例）1年OS分别为（88±8）%及（50±20）%，差异有统计学意义（χ 2=5.01， P=0.025），高危移植组5年OS为（75±11）%。移植后复发或进展为急性髓系白血病者生存时间明显短于未复发者（χ 2=6.80， P=0.009）。伴与不伴PTPN11基因突变者3年OS分别为（81±12）%及（67±19）%，差异无统计学意义（χ 2=0.85， P=0.356）。 结论:JMML涉及的最主要发病机制为RAS通路相关基因突变，其中最常见的驱动基因为PTPN11。高危患儿进行异基因造血干细胞移植可显著提高生存率，移植后复发或进展与不良预后相关。

abstractsObjective:To investigate the genetic and genomic profiling of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and factors affecting its survival rate.Methods:Clinical characteristics, cytogenetics, molecular biology results and survival status of children with 27 JMML cases admitted to the Hematology Department of Children′s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from December 2012 to December 2021 were analyzed retrospectively, and the outcomes of the children were followed up. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Univariate analysis was used for analyzing factors affecting the overall survival (OS) rates of patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Log-Rank test was used for comparison of survival curves.Results:Among 27 JMML cases, there were 11 males and 16 females. The age of disease onset was 28 (11,52) months. There are 20 cases of normal karyotype, 4 cases of monosomy 7, 1 case of trisomy 8,1 case of 11q23 rearrangement and 1 case of complex karyotype. A total of 39 somatic mutations were detected.Those involved in RAS signal pathway were the highest (64%(25/39)), among which PTPN11 mutation was the most frequent (44% (11/25)). A total of 17 cases (63%) received HSCT, 8 cases (30%) did not receive HSCT, and 2 cases (7%) lost follow-up. For children receiving transplantation, the follow-up time after transplantation was 47 (11,57) months. The 1-year OS rate of high-risk transplantation group (17 cases) and high-risk non transplantation group (6 cases) was (88±8)% and (50±20)% respectively, with a statistically significant difference (χ 2=5.01, P=0.025). The 5-year OS rate of the high-risk transplantation group was (75±11)%. The survival time of those who relapsed or progressed to acute myeloid leukemia after transplantation was significantly shorter than that of those who did not relapse (χ 2=6.80, P=0.009). The OS rate of patients with or without PTPN11 mutation was (81±12) % and (67±19)% respectively (χ 2=0.85, P=0.356). Conclusions:The main pathogenesis involved in JMML is gene mutation related to RAS signaling pathway, and the most common driver gene of mutation is PTPN11. Allogeneic HSCT can significantly improve the survival rate of high-risk JMML patients. The recurrence or progression after transplantation was related to poor prognosis.