摘要全球人口老龄化增加退行性骨病的发生率和创伤性骨损伤的治疗需求。骨再生医学由此成为研究重点。骨骼系统与神经系统之间存在密切的联系和相互作用，神经支配在骨骼再生过程中发挥着不可或缺的调控作用：交感神经系统在骨再生过程中起负向调控作用，副交感神经系统则起正向调控作用。骨内神经纤维伴血管分布，密度从骨膜向骨松质递减，神经信号通过直接作用于靶细胞受体或间接调节局部微环境代谢（如炎症因子水平、营养物质供应）调控骨再生。多种神经肽（如降钙素基因相关肽、P物质、神经肽Y、血管活性肠肽等）在骨组织中发挥关键作用，构建“神经-骨骼”调控轴，进而调控成骨-破骨平衡、血管生成及局部微环境稳态。本综述聚焦骨再生中的神经调控机制，重点梳理关键神经肽及相关神经递质的功能。神经肽是神经-骨交互的核心介质，但目前神经肽间的相互作用网络仍需进一步明确，需借助如三维生物打印骨模型、类器官技术等先进体外模型，以及单细胞测序等前沿技术解析。未来，神经调控策略与传统骨再生技术的融合，并向神经-血管、神经-肌肉等跨领域拓展，有望为骨缺损及颌面部大块组织缺损治疗提供新方向，推动再生医学从赝复体治疗向功能性、神经化组织再生转化。

abstractsThe global aging population has intensified the incidence of degenerative bone diseases and the therapeutic demand for traumatic bone injuries, thereby making bone regenerative medicine a research focus. There is a close connection and interaction between the skeletal system and the nervous system, and innervation plays an indispensable regulatory role in the process of bone regeneration: the sympathetic nervous system exerts a negative regulatory effect during bone regeneration, while the parasympathetic nervous system plays a positive regulatory role in this process. Nerve fibers within bones are distributed alongside blood vessels, with their density decreasing from the periosteum to the cancellous bone. Nerve signals regulate bone regeneration either by directly acting on target cell receptors or indirectly modulating the metabolism of the local microenvironment (such as the levels of inflammatory factors and the supply of nutrients). A variety of neuropeptides (e.g., calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, etc.) play a crucial role in bone tissue, constructing a "neuro-osseous" regulatory axis, which in turn regulates the osteoblast-osteoclast balance, angiogenesis, and the homeostasis of the local microenvironment. This review focuses on the neural regulatory mechanisms in bone regeneration, with an emphasis on sorting out the functions of key neuropeptides and related neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides are the core mediators of neuro-osseous interaction; however, the interaction network among neuropeptides remains to be further clarified, which requires the application of advanced in vitro models such as three-dimensional bioprinted bone models and organoid technology, as well as cutting-edge techniques like single-cell sequencing for analysis. In the future, the integration of neural regulation strategies with traditional bone regeneration technologies, along with the expansion into interdisciplinary fields such as neuro-vascular and neuro-muscular fields, is expected to provide new directions for the treatment of bone defects and large maxillofacial tissue defects, and promote the transformation of regenerative medicine from prosthetic treatment to functional and neurotized tissue regeneration.