摘要2022年，猴痘疫情从区域的地方性流行扩大至全球暴发，并被WHO列为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。由于正痘病毒之间的基因序列具有高度相似性且正痘病毒可诱发交叉反应型抗体，接种天花疫苗可能会影响猴痘病毒感染诱导的免疫应答水平及感染者的健康结局。分析天花疫苗接种对猴痘病毒感染的保护作用将有助于确定疫情防控策略和措施。因此，本文通过了解既往猴痘疫情中天花疫苗的接种情况及其健康结局，综述天花疫苗接种、免疫应答情况和临床数据之间的关联性，为猴痘疫情的预防控制策略提供科学证据。

abstractsWith the expansion of mpox virus infection from endemic to a global epidemic in 2022, the WHO declared that the mpox event constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Due to the high degree of gene sequence similarity among orthopox viruses and cross-reactive antibodies induced by orthoviruses, smallpox vaccination may affect the immune response induced by mpox virus infection. The analysis of the protective effects of smallpox vaccination against mpox virus infection will help define the focus of prevention and control. In this review, we clarify the protection of the smallpox vaccine against mpox virus infection by analyzing the correlation between smallpox vaccination, immune response status, and clinical data and providing evidence for the prevention, control, and strategies of mpox epidemics.