摘要目的:总结人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）相关的杆状体肌病（NM；HIV-NM）的临床、病理和肌肉磁共振成像（MRI）特点。方法:报道1例23岁男性HIV感染患者，出现进行性肢体近端无力、萎缩10个月余，于2021年6月初收入首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院神经内科。肌电图检查提示肌源性损害。血清肌酸激酶为202.4 U/L，CD 4+淋巴细胞计数为585×10 6/L。血清单克隆免疫球蛋白（M蛋白）阴性。对该患者进行双大腿肌肉MRI检查、左侧肱二头肌活组织检查及基因检测。复习文献报道的HIV-NM患者的临床、病理和MRI改变。 结果:该患者的双大腿肌肉MRI显示水肿改变；肌肉活组织检查显示部分肌纤维内出现杆状体结构，伴随肌纤维萎缩和再生改变；基因二代测序未发现与NM相关的基因突变。给予静脉注射免疫球蛋白联合口服泼尼松治疗，患者无力症状明显改善。已报道的17例患者（含本例）年龄为（33.7±9.1）岁，男女比例15∶2，均出现肢体近端无力。肌酸激酶正常或轻度升高；血清M蛋白阳性患者3例（3/7）；免疫抑制治疗有效。结论:HIV-NM的主要临床特征为进行性肢体近端无力和肌肉萎缩，肌肉病理特点为萎缩肌纤维内出现大量杆状体，肌肉MRI可见肌肉水肿。这是首次报道的国内HIV-NM病例，该病可能为免疫性肌肉病的一个特殊亚型。

abstractsObjective:To summarize the clinical, pathological and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nemaline myopathy (NM; HIV-NM).Methods:The present patient was a 23-year-old man with HIV infection who developed progressive proximal weakness and atrophy for more than 10 months. He was admitted to the Department of Neurology of Beijing Ditan Hospital in early June 2021. Electromyography showed myogenic findings. The serum creatine kinase was 202.4 U/L. CD 4+ count was 585×10 6/L. Serum monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) was negative. The patient underwent MRI examination of bilateral thigh muscles, biopsy of left biceps brachii and gene detection. The clinical, pathological and muscle MRI changes of HIV-NM were summarized based on the literature review. Results:MRI examination of bilateral thigh muscles showed edema changes. Muscle biopsy showed nemaline structures in some muscle fibers, accompanied by fiber atrophy and regeneration. No gene mutation related to clinical phenotype was found by second-generation sequencing. After intravenous immunoglobulin combined with prednisone, the patient′s weakness symptoms were significantly improved. A total of 17 cases of HIV-NM (including the present case) were identified in the literature, who were aged (33.7±9.1) years. Fifteen were males and two were females. All patients developed proximal limb weakness. Creatine kinase was normal or slightly elevated. Serum monoclonal protein was positive in 3 cases (3/7). Immunosuppressive therapy was effective.Conclusions:The main clinical characteristics of HIV-NM are progressive proximal limb weakness and muscle atrophy. The muscle pathology shows a large number of nemaline structures in atrophic muscle fibers. Muscle edema can be seen on muscle MRI. This is the first report of HIV-NM in China, which may be a special subtype of immune myopathy.