摘要目的:分析中枢神经系统（CNS）感染性疾病的流行病学及临床特征。方法:收集2001年1月1日至2020年12月31日于全国29家医院诊治的9 918例CNS感染性疾病患者的人口学资料、临床表现、卫生经济学指标和预后情况，进行横断面研究和分析，总结其流行病学及临床特征。结果:收集的9 918例CNS感染性疾病患者中，男性5 559例（56.0%），女性4 359例（44.0%），发病年龄为38（25，53）岁。教育程度：初中学历稍多（2 651例，26.7%），小学及以下学历较少（2 181例，22.0%）。职业分布：农民居多（3 215例，32.4%），其次为工人（1 826例，18.4%）和学生（1 633例，16.5%）。临床表现：头痛（6 074例，61.2%）、发热（5 869例，59.2%）和脑膜刺激征阳性（2 273例，22.9%）是最常见的3大临床表现；其次为恶心和（或）呕吐（2 095例，21.1%）、意识障碍（2 077例，20.9%）、精神症状（1 866例，18.8%）和癫痫（1 627例，16.4%）等，脑神经受累669例（6.7%）。主要病原体为：病毒（6 814例，68.7%）、结核分枝杆菌（1 677例，16.9%）、普通细菌（864例，8.7%）、真菌（254例，2.6%）、梅毒螺旋体（183例，1.8%）、寄生虫（121例，1.2%）和立克次体（5例，0.1%）。城乡分布特征为：乡村（5 418例，54.6%）略多于城镇（4 500例，45.4%）。发病季节分布为：春季2 412例（24.3%）、夏季2 835例（28.6%）、秋季2 187例（22.1%）、冬季2 484例（25.0%）。卫生经济学特征：患者的住院时间为15（8，27）d，住院费用为1.53（0.91，3.02）万元。预后情况：治愈好转9 531例（96.1%），死亡92例（0.9%）。结论:CNS感染性疾病的病原体以病毒居多。该病虽在夏季略高发，但整体季节性特征并不明显，多见于中青年男性，临床表现多样，疾病负担较重。

abstractsObjective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.