摘要Large amounts of information has been generated at the genetic,molecular,and cellular scales of the cardiovascular systems in the past decade.However,we did not integrate this information within and between scales to the level of the whole heart.Therefore,we really know little about the mechanisms underlying the normal and abnormal electrical activity in the human heart because electrical activity of heart and its alteration occur at the organ level.The study of ionic currents was the major strategy to understand the normal and diseased human cardiac electrical activity in the past years.However,evidence-based medicine has demonstrated that antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) including flecainide,encainide,moracizine,d-sotalol and amiodarone cannot improve patients'survival.Some AADs which block single ionic channel even increase mortality.On the contrary,other strategies such as non-antiarrhythmic drugs (β-receptor blockers,angiotensin-convening enzyme inhibitors,angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers)and catheter ablation Can effectively suppress arrhythmias and improve outcomes,but they do not aim to any ionic channel directly.So,treatment and study of arrhythmias focused only on ionic channels have limitations.Currently,animals such as mice,rats,rabbits and dogs are used extensively in studies of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis.However,species differences in the distribution and kinetics of ionic channels are significant.The limitations of using animal models as means to study electrical activity suggest that we should do our best to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying the normal and abnormal electrical activity in human heart.Despite great progress in issue,cellular and moleeular scales of the cardiovascular systems.we always troubled by a question:why there are significant difference between genotype and phenotype.Fortunately,recent advances in genomics,pmteomics,metabolomics,and genetic engineering have pmvided information and means to directly explore at will the relationship between genotype and phenotype.In conclusion,it is timely and important to begin integrating muhiscale studies,and thereby systematically understand the electrical activity in the human heart.

abstracts@@ 1903年,Einthoven发明了弦线型心电图描计器,并与1906年将其应用与临床,引起巨大轰动,这是人类对心电图活动进行整体研究的起始,至今仍具有重要意义.