摘要目的 分析山东省农村饮用水中毒理学指标的暴露水平及地理分布趋势.方法 2015年在山东省17市137个县(市、区)中,采取抽签法,每个县随机选取不少于60％乡镇,每个乡镇根据集中式供水单位的情况,选取1～3个集中式供水单位作为调查点,合计选取735个乡镇,农村集中式供水单位1473个,采集出厂水1473份.调查供水单位的水处理工艺、供水人口等数据,进行水质检测,比较不同区域饮用水中毒理学指标含量,绘制超标毒理学指标的趋势面等值图.结果 1473份水样中,毒理学指标的合格率为83.64％(1232份).影响毒理学指标合格率的是硝酸盐(以N计)和氟化物,氟化物的超标率为5.70％(84份),暴露人口为1736709名(占4.22％),硝酸盐(以N计)的水样超标率为12.29％(181份),暴露人口为1393612名(占3.39％).东、中、西部3个区域水样中氟化物含量P50分别为0.24、0.29、0.59 mg/L,西部高于东部和中部(P<0.05),东、中部间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);东、中、西部3个区域水样中硝酸盐(以N计)含量P50分别为8.00、7.48、2.00 mg/L,东部和中部高于西部(P<0.05),东、中部间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).水样硝酸盐(以N计)、氟化物含量趋势面等值图显示,东部地区农村饮用水中硝酸盐(以N计)的含量明显高于西部地区,特别是在东北部地区有一个高峰值区域,且这种高含量的分布沿着对角线向中部地区扩展,而其他区域都处于一个相对较低的范围;西部地区农村饮用水中氟化物的含量明显高于东部地区,在西南、西北地区,均有高峰值出现,其他区域都处于一个相对较低的范围.结论 山东省农村饮用水中的高暴露毒理学指标是硝酸盐(以N计)、氟化物,分布具有明显的地理趋势性.

abstractsObjective To analyze the exposure level and the geographical distribution trend of toxicological indicators of rural drinking water in Shandong Province. Methods The drawing method was used to randomly select no less than 60％villages and towns from 137 counties (cities, districts) of 17 cities in Shandong Province in 2015, and then 1-3 rural centralized water supply units were selected according to the circumstance of rural centralized water supply units in each village and town . In total, 735 villages and towns, 1473 rural centralized water supply units were selected, and 1473 water samples were collected. The water treatment process, water supply population and other circumstances of the rural centralized water supply units were investigated, the water quality was monitored, the content of toxicological indicators of drinking water in different areas was compared, and the trend surface isogram of excessive toxicological indicators was drawn. Results The qualified rate of toxicological indicators in 1473 water samples was 83.64％ (n=1232). The main toxicological indicators that affected the qualified rate of toxicological indicators of drinking water in rural areas in Shandong Province were nitrate and fluoride. The excessive rate of fluoride was 5.70％ (n=84) and the exposed population was 1736709 (4.22％). The excessive rate of nitrate (as nitrogen) was 12.29％ (n=181) and the exposed population was 1393612 (3.39％). The P50 content of fluoride in the eastern, middle and western regions was 0.24, 0.29 and 0.59 mg/L, respective;which was higher in the western region than in the east and the middle regions (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the eastern and the middle regions (P>0.05). The P50 content of nitrate (as nitrogen) in the eastern, middle and western regions was 8.00, 7.48, and 2.00 mg/L, which was higher in the eastern and middle regions than in the west region (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the eastern and the middle regions (P>0.05). The trend surface isogram of nitrate and fluoride content showed that the content of nitrate (as nitrogen) in rural drinking water in the eastern region was significantly higher than that in the western region, especially there was a high peak area in the northeastern region, and this high content distribution extended diagonally to the central region, while the other regions were in a relatively low range. The content of fluoride in rural drinking water in the western region was significantly higher than that in the eastern region, and there were high peaks in the southwest and northwest regions, and the other regions were in a relatively low range. Conclusion The high exposed toxicological indicators in rural drinking water in Shandong Province were nitrate (as nitrogen) and fluoride, and their distribution showed obvious geographical distribution trend.