摘要Background:The current development of vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unprecedented. Little is known, however, about the nuanced public opinions on the vaccines on social media.Methods:We adopted a human-guided machine learning framework using more than six million tweets from almost two million unique Twitter users to capture public opinions on the vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, classifying them into three groups: pro-vaccine, vaccine-hesitant, and anti-vaccine. After feature inference and opinion mining, 10,945 unique Twitter users were included in the study population. Multinomial logistic regression and counterfactual analysis were conducted.Results:Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups were more likely to hold polarized opinions on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, either pro-vaccine ( B = 0.40, SE = 0.08, P < 0.001, OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.26-1.75) or anti-vaccine ( B = 0.52, SE = 0.06, P < 0.001, OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.49-1.91). People who have the worst personal pandemic experience were more likely to hold the anti-vaccine opinion ( B = -0.18, SE = 0.04, P < 0.001, OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.77-0.90). The United States public is most concerned about the safety, effectiveness, and political issues regarding vaccines for COVID-19, and improving personal pandemic experience increases the vaccine acceptance level. Conclusion:Opinion on COVID-19 vaccine uptake varies across people of different characteristics.