摘要肺炎球菌性疾病是全球严重的公共卫生问题之一。5岁以下儿童及≥60岁老人，即“一老一小”两个人群，由于生命早期免疫系统发育不成熟或随年龄增长免疫机能逐步下降，是肺炎球菌感染的高风险人群，疾病负担尤为严重，防控形势严峻。接种肺炎球菌疫苗是预防肺炎球菌性疾病、降低肺炎球菌耐药性的有效措施，提高健康意识、提升疫苗接种率对肺炎球菌性疾病防控尤为必要和迫切。本文基于肺炎球菌性疾病的疾病负担和防控现状，探讨我国肺炎球菌性疾病防控在疾病监测、实验室检测、细菌耐药和免疫接种方面面临的问题和挑战，从监测体系、临床诊治、免疫接种、健康宣教等方面提出肺炎球菌性疾病防控建议，以提升“一老一小”人群肺炎球菌疫苗的接种率和提高肺炎球菌性疾病的防控水平。

abstractsPneumococcal disease (PD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a global public health concern. Children younger than 5 years and elderly over 60 years, due to immature development of the immune system early in life or the gradual decline of immune function with age, are high-risk groups for pneumococcal infections, which makes the disease burden particularly serious and the situation of prevention and control grim. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent PD and reduce pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance. Improving health consciousness and vaccination rates are particularly necessary and urgent for the prevention and control of PD. Based on the disease burden, this article discusses the problems and challenges of PD in China regarding surveillance, laboratory testing, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccination. Recommended strategies concerning the surveillance system, clinical diagnosis and treatment, vaccination, and health promotion were made to increase the vaccination rate of pneumococcal vaccine among the elderly and young and to improve the level of PD prevention and control.