摘要目的：调查2013年我国15家医院革兰阳性球菌临床分离株的耐药率。方法回顾性研究。收集2013年6至12月15家教学医院临床分离的1663株非重复革兰阳性球菌。采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度,回顾性研究不同病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率,采用一般χ2检验比较幼儿组(≤3岁)和成人组(≥18岁)的耐青霉素肺炎链球菌( PRSP)以及老年组与成人组间耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)的发生率。结果以口服青霉素折点判断,PRSP在幼儿组的发生率为72．9%(51/70),高于成人组的55．2%(106/192)(χ2=6．653,P<0．05)。肺炎链球菌对红霉素和克林霉素的耐药率分别为94．9%(261/275)和92．7%(255/275)。未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素和达托霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌。各群β溶血链球菌对青霉素均敏感,但对红霉素、克林霉素、四环素的耐药率均超过60%。 MRSA和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌( MRCoNS)的发生率分别为39．7%(229/576)和80．6%(224/278),不同地区MRSA发生率24．2%~70．0%,不同标本中MRSA发生率为：呼吸道标本52．6%(100/190),血液标本38．5%(40/104),伤口组织及脓液标本29．7%(58/195),老年组中 MRSA发生率(48．6%,84/173)高于成人组(35．7%,144/403)(χ2=8．322,P<0．05)。 MRSA对氯霉素和复方磺胺甲唑的敏感率分别为86．4%(244/228)和94．7%(237/228),对庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素、利福平和喹诺酮类药物的敏感率15．8%~59．6%,未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺和达托霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。所有粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌均对达托霉素和替加环素敏感,对替考拉宁的敏感性分别为100%(153/153)和96．4%(133/138)对利奈唑胺的敏感率分别为98．0%(150/153)和97．1%(145/138),未发现对万古霉素耐药的肠球菌,对高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率分别为45．8%(70/153)和60．9%(84/138),粪肠球菌对氯霉素和四环素的敏感率低于屎肠球菌,但对其他所测试抗菌药物均有较高的敏感率。结论2013年不同地区、不同年龄组间革兰阳性球菌的耐药率有所差异；替考拉宁、万古霉素、替加环素、达托霉素、利奈唑胺以及特地磷酸唑胺对革兰阳性球菌具有很好的抗菌活性。(中华检验医学杂志,2015,38：373-381)

abstractsObjective Toinvestigateantimicrobialresistanceamonggram-positivecocciinChinain 2013.Methods Retrospectivestudy.FromJune2013toDecember2013,1663consecutiveandnon-repetitive gram-positive cocci were collected from 15 teaching hospitals. The minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC) of antibacterial agents was determined by agar dilution method. A retrospective study was conducted on rates of resistance to antimicrobial agents. The prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ( PRSP) between children and adult patients and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) between elder group and younger adult patients were compared using chi-square test. Results The prevalence of PRSP in children below 3 years old ( 72. 9%, 51/70 ) was higher than adult patients (55. 2%, 106/192) (χ2 =6. 653,P<0. 05). About 94. 9%(261/275) and (92. 7%,255/275) of S. pneumonia were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. All S. pneumoniae strains were susceptible to teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin. Penicillin still showed very high activity against Streptococcus spp. β-Hemolytic group. More than 60% of Streptococcus spp.β-Hemolytic group were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracyclines. The prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci(MRCoNS) was 39. 7%(229/576) and 80. 6%(224/278), respectively. The MRSA prevalence ranged from 24. 2% to 70. 0% in different regions. About 52. 6%( 100/190 ) of Staphylococcus aureus from respiratory tract specimens, 38. 5%(40/104)of Staphylococcus aureus from blood samples, and 29. 7%(58/195) of Staphylococcus aureus from wound and pus were resistant to methicillin. The prevalence of MRSA in elder group ( 48. 6%, 84/173 ) was higher than that in younger adult patients (35. 7%, 144/403)(χ2 =8. 322,P <0. 05). The susceptibility rates of MRSA to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were 86. 4% ( 244/228 ) and 94. 7% ( 237/228 ) , respectively. Susceptibility rates to gentamycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, rifampicin and quinolones were ranged from 15. 8% to 59. 6%. All Staphylococci isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline. All Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to daptomycin and tigecycline. All E. faecalis ( 158/158 ) and 96. 4% ( 133/138 ) of E. faecium were susceptible to teicoplanin. About 98. 0% ( 150/153 ) of E. faecalis and 97. 1% ( 145/138 ) of E. faecium were susceptible to linezoild. About 45. 8% (70/153) of E. faecalis and 60. 9% (84/138) of E. faecium were resistant to gentamycin with a high concentration. The susceptibility of E. faecalis to all the antibiotics tested exceptchloramphenicolandtetracyclinewashigherthanthatofE.faecium.Conclusions Basedon different age groups and regions, the resistance rates of Gram-positive cocci are different. Teicoplanin, vancomycin, tigecycline, daptomycin, linezolid and tedizolid showed very high activity against Gram-positive cocci. (Chin J Lab Med,2015,38:373-381)