摘要Breeding plants with polyploid genomes is challenging because functional redundancy hampers the identification of loss-of-function mutants.Medicago sativa is tetraploid and ob-ligate outcrossing,which together with in-breeding depression complicates traditional breeding approaches in obtaining plants with a stable growth habit.Inducing dominant muta-tions would provide an alternative strategy to introduce domestication traits in plants with high gene redundancy.Here we describe two complementary strategies to induce dominant mutations in the M.sativa genome and how they can be relevant in the control of flowering time.First,we outline a genome-engineering strategy that harnesses the use of microProteins as de-velopmental regulators.MicroProteins are small proteins that appeared during genome evolution from genes encoding larger proteins.Genome-engineering allows us to retrace evolution and create microProtein-coding genes de novo.Second,we provide an inventory of genes regulated by microRNAs that control plant de-velopment.Making respective gene transcripts microRNA-resistant by inducing point mutations can uncouple microRNA regulation.Finally,we investigated the recently published genomes of M.sativa and provide an inventory of breeding targets,some of which,when mutated,are likely to result in dominant traits.