摘要Establishing how lineages with similar traits are phylogenetically related remains critical for un-derstanding the origin of biodiversity on Earth.Floral traits in plants are widely used to explore phylogenetic relationships and to delin-eate taxonomic groups.The subtribe Swertiinae(Gentianaceae)comprises more than 350 species with high floral diversity ranging from rotate to tubular corollas and possessing diverse nec-taries.Here we performed phylogenetic analysis of 60 species from all 15 genera of the subtribe Swertiinae sensu Ho and Liu,representing the range of floral diversity,using data from the nu-clear and plastid genomes.Extensive topological conflicts were present between the nuclear and plastome trees.Three of the 15 genera repre-sented by multiple species are polyphyletic in both trees.Key floral traits including corolla type,absence or presence of lobe scales,nectary type,nectary position,and stigma type are randomly distributed in the nuclear and plastome trees without phylogenetic correlation.We also re-vealed the likely ancient hybrid origin of one large clade comprising 10 genera with diverse floral traits.These results highlight the complex evo-lutionary history of this subtribe.The phylogenies constructed here provide a basic framework for further exploring the ecological and genetic mechanisms underlying both species diversifi-cation and floral diversity.