摘要The genus Corydalis,with ca.530 species,has long been considered taxonomically challenging because of its great variability.Previous molecular analyses,based on a few molecular markers and incomplete taxonomic sampling,were clearly inadequate to de-limit sections and subgenera.We have performed phylogenetic analyses of Corydalis and related taxa,using 65 shared protein-coding plastid genes from 313 accessions(including 280 samples of ca.226 species of Corydalis)and 152 universal low-copy nuclear genes from 296 accessions(including 271 samples of Corydalis)covering all 42 previously rec-ognized sections and five independent"series".Phylogenetic trees were inferred using Bayesian In-ference and Maximum Likelihood.Eight selected morphological characters were estimated using an-cestral state reconstructions.Results include:(i)of the three subgenera of Corydalis,two are fully sup-ported by both the plastid and nuclear data;the third,subg.Cremnocapnos,is weakly supported by plastid DNA only,whereas in the nuclear data the two in-cluded sections form successive outgroups to the rest of the genus;(ⅱ)among all 42 sections and five"series",25 sections and one"series"are resolved as monophyletic in both data sets;(ⅲ)the common an-cestor of Corydalis is likely to be a perennial plant with a taproot,yellow flowers with a short saccate spur,linear fruits with recurved fruiting pedicels,and seeds with elaiosomes;(ⅳ)we provide a new clas-sification of Corydalis with four subgenera(of which subg.Bipapillatae is here newly described),39 sec-tions,16 of which are consistent with the previous classification,16 sections have been recircum-scribed,one section has been reinstated and six new sections are established.Characters associated with lifespan,underground structures,floral spur,fruit and elaiosomes are important for the recognition of sub-genera and sections.These new phylogenetic anal-yses combined with ancestral character re-constructions uncovered previously unrecognized relationships,and greatly improved our under-standing of the evolution of the genus.